Where we left off

class Cat {
public:
    void meow();
private:
    string name;
    int age;
};

Today's topics

• const correctness with classes
• Constructors and destructors
• Function and operator overloading

Textbook Sections 10.2, 11.2

Our Time class

• Last lecture we defined a Time class, but it's a bit clunky to use:

  Time now;
  now.set(12, 30, 0);
  now.write(cout);
  

• There's also no guarantee any of those functions won't modify the Time
• We can fix these things with const correctness, constructors (and destructors), and operator overloading

const correctness

How should I ensure that these functions don't modify the Time object?

void write(std::ostream &out);
int compare(Time other);

• const before a parameter means that the function will not modify it
• const after a member function means the function will not modify this
• As usual, if a function isn't going to modify something, const is a good idea

Remember this?

• this is a pointer to the object that the member function is being called on

  void Time::five_o_clock_somewhere() {
      this->hour = 5; // usually don't explicitly use this->
  }
  

  Time now, later;
  now.foo();
  later.foo();
  

• No matter what class you're in, this is a const pointer of the class type
• In this example, you can imagine it being declared as Time * const this
• Adding the extra const means that this is a const Time * const this

const correctness

• As a general rule, if you can make something const, you should
• Caveat: A const member function can only call other const member functions (or use const_cast, but that's not a great idea)
• When you start using const, you should use it consistently

Constructors

• It's really useful to initialize variables when we declare them, but we can't use the = {} syntax with classes (in C++ 98)
• We can, however, define a constructor
• This is a special member function that is called when the object is created
• Syntax: same name as the class, no return type, and should be public

  class Time {
  public:
      Time();
  };
  

Implementing a constructor

• Just like implementing a member function, but no return type:

  Time::Time() {
      // or however you want the initial state
      hours = 0;
      minutes = 0;
      seconds = 0; 
  }
  

• If all you're doing is setting values, better to use an initializer list:

  Time::Time() : hours(0), minutes(0), seconds(0) {}
  

Using a constructor

• Constructors are called implicitly when the object is created:

  Time now; // calls Time::Time()
  Time *later = new Time; // also calls Time::Time()
  

• But it'd be useful to be able to set the time when we create the object:

  Time now(3, 15, 2); // Can't call Time::Time(), too many arguments
  

• We can do this by overloading the constructor!

  class Time {
  public:
      Time(); // constructor with no arguments
      Time(int h, int m, int s); // constructor with 3 arguments
  };
  

Side tangent: Function overloading

• A function is fully defined by its signature - its name and parameter types
• We can have multiple functions with the same name and different signatures!

  int add(int a, int b);
  double add(double a, double b);
  ...
  int n = add(1, 2); // calls the first one
  double x = add(1.5, 2.5); // calls the second one
  

• Our constructors might look something like:

  Time::Time() : hours(0), minutes(0), seconds(0) {}
  Time::Time(int h, int m, int s) : hours(h), minutes(m), seconds(s) {}
  

Side tangent: Function signatures

What counts as a different signature? Consider void foo(int a, int b);:

Back to constructors

• All constructors must be named ClassName and have no return type
• Otherwise it's a standard function that can do anything:

  Time::Time(bool now) {
      // query the system for the current time
  }
  

• If you don't specify a constructor a default one is created that does nothing:

  Time::Time() {}
  

• As soon as you specify a constructor, the default one goes away!

Destructors

• Every new needs a delete, so what if we dynamically allocate data in a class?
• We can define a destructor to be called when the object is destroyed
• Syntax is the same as a constructor, but with a ~ in front:

  class Time {
  public:
      ~Time();
  };
  
  Time::~Time() {
      // clean up any dynamically allocated data
  }
  

• A destructor cannot take any parameters or have a return type

Using a destructor

• Destructors are called implicitly when the object is destroyed:

  Time *later = new Time; // calls Time::Time()
  delete later; // calls Time::~Time()
  

• Objects allocated on the stack are destroyed when they go out of scope:

  void foo() {
      Time now; // calls Time::Time()
  } // now goes out of scope, calls Time::~Time()
  

• Destructors are only needed if you have dynamically allocated data - our Time class actually doesn't need one

Better example: An IntList class

class IntList {
public:
    IntList();
    ~IntList();
    void append(int n);
    void write(std::ostream &out) const;
private:
    struct Node {
        int data;
        Node *next;
    };
    Node *head;
};

The IntList destructor

IntList::~IntList() {
    Node *curr = head;
    while (curr) {
        Node *temp = curr;
        curr = curr->next;
        delete temp;
    }
}

• Alternatively, this could be put in a public member function named clear and called from the destructor
• This would allow the client to clear the list without destroying the object

const and Constructors check-in 1/2

Which of the following is not a valid constructor declaration for the Time class?

const and Constructors check-in 2/2

const after a member function declaration means:

Operator overloading

• Remember the compare function that I was too lazy to implement?

  if (now.compare(later) == -1) {
      // do something
  }
  

• I'd rather write this:

  if (now < later) {
      // do something
  }
  

• We can do this with operator overloading!

Operator overloading

• Operators are member functions with a bit of extra syntax:

  class Time {
  public:
      bool operator < (const Time &other) const;
  };
  

• Now when we call now < later, the compiler sees:

  now.operator < (later);
  

• The calling object (now) becomes the left hand side (LHS) of the operator, and the argument (later) becomes the right hand side (RHS)

Coming up next

• Assignment 3 due Monday
• Lab: Class constructors and overloading
• Assignment 4 will be refactoring assignment 3 with a Leaderboard as an abstract data type!